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The ''Reichstag'' (English: Diet of the Realm〔Moonis Raza, ''Geographical Dictionary of the World in the Early 20th Century with Pronouncing Gazetteer'' (New Delhi, India: Concept Publishing Company, 1990, 2 Vols.) P. 712〕) was a legislative body of Weimar Germany (the "German Reich") from 1919, when it succeeded the Weimar National Assembly, until the Nazi takeover in 1933. ==Overview== Although German constitutional commentators consider only the ''Reichstag'' and now the ''Bundestag'' to be the German parliament, in fact since 1871 Germany has been governed by a bicameral legislature, of which the ''Reichstag'' served as a lower house and the ''Reichsrat'' (after 1949 the ''Bundesrat'') as the upper house. Constitutionally, the ''Reichsrat'' represented the governments of the federal German states. According to the 1919 Weimar Constitution, the members of the ''Reichstag'' were to be elected by general universal suffrage according to the principle of proportional representation. Votes were cast for nationwide party lists. Elections were to be held at the end of a legislative session of four years. Because of some special requirements, there were still inconsistencies between the total share of votes received by a party and its share of the seats. Hitler was not in power yet. There was no hard and fast threshold for winning a seat in the ''Reichstag''. In practice, a party could do so with as little as 0.4 percent of the national vote—one seat for some 60,000 votes. While this provision was intended to reduce wasted votes, it also resulted in a large number of parties being represented in the chamber. Combined with the nationwide party-list system, this made it extremely difficult to form a stable government. Moreover, each political party wanted to pull Germany in a different direction and parties often refused to compromise with, or even recognize, other parties. As scholar Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn wrote in 1943: The parliament passed legislation and the government budget, as well as making declarations of war and ratifying international treaties. The members of the German cabinet, or government, were responsible to the ''Reichstag'', which could force the resignation of ministers or even the whole cabinet by a motion of no confidence. It could also revoke "emergency decrees" by the ''Reich'' President according to Article 48 of the constitution -—however, on the other hand the President was able to dissolve the ''Reichstag''. In contrast, the ''Reichsrat'', the house of state representatives, had minor significance. The constitution also provided for the possibility of referenda, but the hurdles to overcome were high. There were only two plebiscites (in 1926 on the Expropriation of the Princes and in 1929 on the "Liberty Law" against the Young Plan), which were both unsuccessful. All too often, when a Chancellor was removed from office, his replacement was well short of a majority. This was especially pronounced in the 1930s, when Chancellors had to resort to Article 48 just to conduct the ordinary business of government. In the election of 1928, the Nazi Party won only 12 seats in the ''Reichstag'', making it the smallest of the nine parties in the chamber. However, over the following two years it gained another 95. At the election of 1932, the Nazis and the Communist Party, both declared enemies of the parliamentary system, together held an absolute majority of the seats. In 1920–1923 and from 1930 onwards, the parliament was often circumvented by two instruments not strictly provided for by the constitution: * the extensive use of powers granted to the President by the use of the Emergency Decree in Article 48 of the constitution, * the use of enabling acts, especially in 1919-1923, and then again the Enabling Act of 1933, after Hitler had been appointed Chancellor, which formed an important building block of his dictatorship. With this latter enabling act, the ''Reichstag'' formally gave up its exclusive responsibility for the exercise of the legislative power. From then on, the German parliament only functioned as a one-party-assembly and as a body which ratified the actions of the Nazi dictatorship by acclamation. Even in its purely ceremonial role, the Third Reich's ''Reichstag'' convened only twenty times, the last being on April 26, 1942. On January 25, 1943, five days before the expiration of the last ''Reichstag'' term of office, the summoning of a new body was postponed for another electoral term, until January 30, 1947, by a decree of the ''Führer''.〔Peter Hubert, ''Uniformierter Reichstag. Die Geschichte der Pseudo-Volksvertretung 1933–1945'' (Droste Verlag, Düsseldorf, 1992)〕〔Joachim Lilla, ''Statisten in Uniform. Die Mitglieder des Reichstags 1933–1945'' (Droste Verlag, Düsseldorf, 2004)〕 When in 1948-1949 the West German politicians established a new democracy, they used the word ''Bund'' (federation) in place of ''Reich''; in German constitutional history both terms were almost exchangeable. With memories of how the Nazis had exploited the weaknesses of the ''Reichstag'' still fresh, the founders of the new state built in several safeguards to prevent a repeat occurrence. The new parliament became the ''Bundestag'', elected by mixed-member proportional representation—a mix of members elected from individual constituencies and state party lists. From 1949, to qualify for seats by proportional representation, a party must either win at least five percent of the national vote or else win three directly-elected seats. The Chancellor (''Bundeskanzler'') must be elected by an absolute majority in the ''Bundestag'', and could only be removed from office if a prospective successor was already assured of a majority. Besides the ''Bundestag'', the ''Bundesrat'' (representing the governments of the states) has a decisive vote on legislation where the states' interests are concerned. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Reichstag (Weimar Republic)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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